Variable definitions for judge level analysis (Tables 1, 2, and 4) 


Variable		Description
cindex		Case identifier
outcome		Judge's vote in case [=1 if vote was in favor of the plaintiff]
gender:   	Gender [=1 if female]
f1:       	        One female colleague (female judge) [=1 if female judge with one female colleague on panel]
m1:       		One female colleague (male judge) [=1 if male judge with one female colleague on panel]
m2:       		Two female colleagues (male judge) [=1 if male judge with two female colleagues on panel]
race:     		Race [=1 if nonwhite]
nw1:      		One nonwhite colleague (nonwhite judge) [=1 if nonwhite judge with one nonwhite colleague on panel]
w1:       		One nonwhite colleague (white judge) [=1 if white judge with one nonwhite colleague on panel]
w2:       		Two nonwhite colleagues (white judge) [=1 if white judge with two nonwhite colleagues on panel]
dim1:     		NOMINATE score [first dimension NOMINATE score of president who nominated judge]
colldim1: 	Panel colleagues’ NOMINATE scores [average of first dimension NOMINATE scores of president who                               nominated colleagues on the panel]

opauthor:       Author [=1 if judge authored the opininon]                                    
genderauthor:   Gender * author [interaction between opauthor and gender variables]			
raceauthor:     Race * author [interaction between opauthor and race variables]						
nomauthor:      NOMINATE score * author	[interaction between opauthor and dim1 variables]			

Case-Speciﬁc Variables

rclaim:          Race discrimination [=1 if race discriminiation alleged]                         
gclaim:         Gender discrimination [=1 if gender discriminiation alleged]                         
hclaim:         Harassment [=1 if harassment alleged]                         
ageclaim:     Age discrimination [=1 if age discriminiation alleged]                         
relclaim:       Religious discrimination [=1 if religious discriminiation alleged]                         
noclaim:       Nationality discrimination [=1 if  discriminiation bases on nationality alleged]                         
revgender:   Reverse gender discrimination [=1 if reverse gender discriminiation alleged]                         
revrace:        Reverse race discrimination [=1 if reverse race discriminiation alleged]                         
defendant:   Government defendant [=1 if the government was a defendent in the case]                         
eeoc:            EEOC plaintiff  [=1 if the EEOC was a plaintiff in the case]                         
plainappeal:  Plaintiff appeal [=1 if the plaintiff appealed the case]                         
bothappeal:   Both appeal [=1 if both the plaintiff and the defendant appealed the case]                         
posture:         Posture [=1 if the lower court ruling on appeal was in a pretrial posture; = if posttrial]

Circuit-Level Variables

circ1: 1st Circuit dummy
circ2: 2nd Circuit dummy
circ3: 3rd Circuit dummy
circ4: 4th Circuit dummy
circ5: 5th Circuit dummy
circ6: 6th Circuit dummy
circ7: 7th Circuit dummy
circ8: 8th Circuit dummy  
circ9: 9th Circuit dummy  
circ10: 10th Circuit dummy
circ11: 11th Circuit dummy
circ12: D.C. Circuit dummy


Variable definitions for case level analysis (Table 3) 


Variable		Description
cindex		Case identifier
plaintiff		Outcome of case [=1 if decision was in favor of the plaintiff]
genone:     	One woman on panel [=1 if one female on panel]
gentwo:  	Two women on panel [=1 if two females on panel]
w1:       		One nonwhite on panel [=1 if nonwhite judge on panel]
w2:       		Two nonwhites on panel [=1 if two nonwhite judgeses on panel]
dim1mean:     Mean of panel NOMINATE scores  [average of first dimension NOMINATE scores of president who                               nominated colleagues on the panel]

genderauthor:   Gender of author [=1 if author of opinion is female]
raceauthor:     Race of author [=1 if author of opinion is nonwhite]
nomauthor:      Author's NOMINATE  score [first dimension NOMINATE scores of president who nominated the author of the opinion]

rclaim:          Race discrimination [=1 if race discriminiation alleged]                         
gclaim:         Gender discrimination [=1 if gender discriminiation alleged]                         
hclaim:         Harassment [=1 if harassment alleged]                         
ageclaim:     Age discrimination [=1 if age discriminiation alleged]                         
relclaim:       Religious discrimination [=1 if religious discriminiation alleged]                         
noclaim:       Nationality discrimination [=1 if  discriminiation bases on nationality alleged]                         
revgender:   Reverse gender discrimination [=1 if reverse gender discriminiation alleged]                         
revrace:        Reverse race discrimination [=1 if reverse race discriminiation alleged]                         
defendant:   Government defendant [=1 if the government was a defendent in the case]                         
eeoc:            EEOC plaintiff  [=1 if the EEOC was a plaintiff in the case]                         
pappeal:      Plaintiff appeal [=1 if the plaintiff appealed the case]                         
bappeal:      Both appeal [=1 if both the plaintiff and the defendant appealed the case]                         
posture:      Posture [=1 if the lower court ruling on appeal was in a pretrial posture; = if posttrial]

Circuit-Level Variables

circ1: 1st Circuit dummy
circ2: 2nd Circuit dummy
circ3: 3rd Circuit dummy
circ4: 4th Circuit dummy
circ5: 5th Circuit dummy
circ6: 6th Circuit dummy
circ7: 7th Circuit dummy
circ8: 8th Circuit dummy  
circ9: 9th Circuit dummy  
circ10: 10th Circuit dummy
circ11: 11th Circuit dummy
circ12: D.C. Circuit dummy


